LaTeX is a popular typesetting language that is used broadly in writing documentations and scientific papers. This is the basic structure of a LaTeX document.
\documentclass[a4paper, 11pt]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\title{My Title}
\author{My name}
\date{October 2021}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\section{Introduction}
\end{document}
Preamble
Contains classes and packages, as well as the metadata assorted to the document.
The \documentclass tag allows us to specify a document style along with some optional configurations.
\documentclass[<options>]{<document style>}
Here is a non-exhaustive list of classes (style) built into LaTeX:
- article
- book
- report
- letter
- slides
- proc - proceedings
The \usepackage tag is used for specifying a library that the document needs, so that the functionalities of writing the document can be extended.
\usepackage[<options>]{<package>}
The commonly used packages:
- fontenc
- inputenc
- lipsum - Generates lorem ipsum text
- geometry
- hyperref - Generate links automatically
- mathtools
- upgreek
- graphicx
Sample use for the geometry package are as follows.
% specifies 1.5cm margin for all sides
\usepackage[margin=1.5cm]{geometry}
% specifies different margin for different sides
\usepackage[top=2cm, bottom=2cm, left=3cm, right=3cm]{geometry}
Sample use for the hyperref package.
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks=true, linkcolor=blue}
The title, author and date can be specified in the document as well as metadata.
\title{My Title}
\author{My name}
\date{October 2021}
Content
All the contents of the document that will be yielded on the final output must be placed between the \begin{document} and \end{document} tags.
\begin{document}
% contents here
\end{document}
The \maketitle tells the compiler to show the document metadata defined earlier such as title, author and date at the beginning of the document.
The \tableofcontents will injects a table of contents to the place that it is being specified.
To import content from another file, say other.tex, we can use the \input tag to do just that.
\input{other.tex}
Images
To handle images in the document, the graphicx package is required.
\usepackage{graphicx}
Create Image Environment
The environment to house an image can be created by using the \begin and \end with figure as parameter. The image name needs to be placed within the \includegraphics tag for it to take effect.
The extension of the image file need not to be specified, so that the compiler can find whichever that is most suitable if there are multiple types of the same image.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{My_image.png}
\caption{My caption}
\label{fig:my_label}
\end{figure}
The image will be align to the left by default. To center it, include the \centering tag within the figure block.
The caption is the text that will be shown below the image to describe the image.
The label is specified so that it can be referred later by other parts of the document easily. Reference can be made by using the \ref tag.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, see Fig. \ref{fig:my_label}
Resizing Image
Sometimes, the image may come in larger resolution and using it directly in the document will render an oversized image.
To resize it, use the options for the \includegraphics tag.
\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{My_image.png}
The \textwidth indicates the width allowed to display the text on the document. There is no need to specify the height attribute though as the compiler will maintain the aspect ratio of the image.
However, we can explicitly specify the height as such.
\includegraphics[width=5cm, height=6cm]{My_image.png}
Tip: Always specify the image smaller so that it is as close to the text as possible.
Positioning Image
To tell the compiler where exactly the image needs to be places, we can add in a square brackets behind the \begin{figure} and specify the options.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
Where
- h - here
- t - top of next available page
- b - bottom of next available page
- p - page by itself
It is a good practice to put multiple positions so the compiler will fallback to the latter ones if the former ones are not suitable.
List of Figures
The list of figures acts similarly as table of contents but for figures. It is very simple to add in.
\listoffigures
Short Caption
Sometimes there might be very long captions that describes a figure. To make it simple to display in the list of figures section, it is very useful to have a shorter caption.
\caption[Short caption!]{My very bery very very long caption}
Two-column Mode
A very popular mode in scientific paper, can be achieved by just heading over to the preamble section under the \documentclass tag and specify twocolumn as its option.
\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
This might in turn messed up some of the existing image as the width are set for the \textwidth. We can easily resolve the issue with \columnwidth.
\includegraphics[width=0.75\columnwidth]{My_image.png}
Custom Command
To create a custom command, or an alias, use the \newcommand tag.
\newcommand{\dg}{$^{\circ}$}
Math
To use math function in LaTeX document, math package is required. The package mathtools and amsmath are mostly identical, it's just that mathtools is the newer package available but importing either one of them will do just fine.
\usepackage{mathtools}
% or
\usepackage{amsmath}
Block Math
\begin{equation}
% equation here
\end{equation}
Use equation* to suppress the automated numberings of the equation generated.
Adding in a label to the equation makes it easy to be referred within the document.
\begin{equation}
y = mx + c
\label{eq:gradient}
\end{equation}
To refer to the labelled equation somewhere within the document in a paragraph, use the \ref command to link between them.
The equation \ref{eq:gradient} is kinda basic.
Inline Math
Inline math can be specified by using opening and closing $ symbol.
The gradient equation $y = mx + c$ is really cool.
Subscript and Superscript
To use a subscript, append an underscore _ in front of it whereas for superscript, append a caret ^ symbol before it.
H_0 = x^2 + 1
For negative sub or superscript, they will need to be enclosed by curly brackets instead,
y = 2x^{-1}
Spacing
LaTeX ignores any spaces within an equation. However, spaces still can be added in explicitly by using the following commands.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
\quad | Biggest space |
\; | Big space |
\: | Medium space |
\, | Small space |
Fractions
There are two types of fraction in LaTeX. Display style and Text style. Display style is seen in the display block and the text style is used within an inline environment. LaTeX will automatically select the best style depending on the environment but we do have the option to specify them explicitly. We can use \dfrac for display style fraction and \tfrac for text style fraction.
\frac{nominator}{denominator}
% or
\dfrac{nominator}{denominator}
% or
\tfrac{nominator}{denominator}
Another clever way is to use slanted fraction. This is technically not a built in way of displaying fraction, but rather a clever maneuver with the existing behaviours.
$^1/_2$
Brackets
Brackets can inserted directly from the keyboard ( and ). However, we also have the option to change the display mode if the default doesn't look good.
% default
( \frac{x}{y} )
% big enclosed bracket
\left( \frac{x}{y} \right)
% mark big from nested bracket than inner ones
\big( x(y) \big)
Matrix
The elements of the matrix is separated by the ampersand & symbol and the rows must be ended with \\ if there is an incoming row after that.
\begin{equation}
\begin{matrix}
1 & 2 & 3 \\
4 & 5 & 6 \\
7 & 8 & 9
\end{matrix}
\end{equation}
To include brackets around the matrix, simply use pmatrix instead of matrix. Use bmatrix for square brackets.
The matrices in LaTeX aligns to the center by default but it might look bad if we have numbers of different length. matrix* allows us to specify the alignment easily in the options square brackets.
\begin{matrix*}[r]
1 & -2 & 3 \\
-4 & 5 & 6 \\
7 & 8 & -9
\end{matrix*}
Alignment
To display derivation equation that aligns with the central = sign, the align block can be used. Inside the block, the &= is used instead of a regular = symbol and most importantly, the double backslash \\ must be specified after an equation that still have another equation to be displayed on the next line.
\begin{align}
y &= f(x) \\
f(x) &= mx + c
\end{align}
For the align block to generate no numberings for each line of the equation, align* can be used instead. However, to suppress numberings only for a certain row of equation, a \nonumber tag can be appended after the equation and before the \\ symbol.
\begin{align}
y &= f(x) \nonumber \\
f(x) &= mx + c
\end{align}
Upright Text
All the symbols and characters in equation block is italicized. To make it upright, use \mathrm{}.
\begin{equation}
y = \mathrm{m}x + c
\end{equation}
To use upright Greek characters, the package "upgreek" is required.
\usepackage{upgreek}
\mu -> \upmu
Bold
To make a text bold, use \textbf{} and use \mathbf{} for math symbols.
Tables
Tables also need a table environment just like math and figures. The table also takes in the htbp property just like image.
\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c|c}
% tabulating data
\end{tabular}
\caption[Short caption]{Caption}
\label{tab:my_label}
\end{table}
The {c|c} after the tabular begin tag means <number of columns><border><alignment of data>. The alignment of data property accepts l for left, c for center and r for right. It is not recommended to use borders to separate the data, so a {cc} is highly suggested.
\begin{tabular}{|c|r|l|c|}
Heading 1 & Heading 2 & Heading 3 & Heading 4 \\
Data 1 & Data 2 & Data 2 & Data 2 \\
Data 3 & Data 4 & Data 2 & Data 2 \\
Data 5 & Data 6 & Data 2 & Data 2
\end{tabular}
However, managing the tables directly in LaTeX can be a hellish endeavour. It is recommended to use online tools to manage data in the tables such as Tables Generator.
The best practice to tables is to use horizontal rule to separate out the headings and the data, and separate out the table with the rest of the content within the document. This can be achieved with using \hline accordingly.
\begin{tabular}
\hline
Heading 1 & Heading 2 \\
\hline
Data 1 & Data 2 \\
Data 3 & Data 4 \\
Data 5 & Data 6
\hline
\end{tabular}
That is not enough, the padding for the cells still needs to be specified with
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}
\begin{tabular}{ p{3.5cm} p{2.2cm} p{0.25\textwidth} }
To include the list of tables, simply use \listoftables the same as with table of contents and figures.
Lists
To list items in a ordered list, we can use the enumerate command as shown. Within the begin block, the individual items can be listed out with the \item command followed by a space and its description. enumerate can be replaced with itemized for unordered lists.
\section{Definitions of $e$}
\begin{enumerate}
\item As a \textbf{limit}:
\[e= \lim_{n\to\infty} \left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^n\]
\item As a \textit{sum}:
\[e= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n!}.\]
\item As a \underline{continued fraction}:
\[e= 2+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{2+\frac{2}{3+\frac{3}{4+\frac{4}{5+\ddots}}}}}\]
\end{enumerate}
Sample Formulas
- Definitions of e
1.1 As a limit
1.2 As a sum
1.3 As a continued fraction
- Triple integral
- Vector
- The real numbers, represented as
is so cool.
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\LaTeX